مريض على جهاز التنفس منذ ٣ أيام. أي إجراءات تقلل خطر الالتهاب الرئوي المرتبط بالجهاز؟ (اختر كل ما ينطبق)

A client has been ventilated for 3 days. Which measures reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia? (Select all that apply)

1. Keeping the client completely flat
2. Head of bed at 30–45 degrees
3. Daily sedation interruption and weaning assessment
4. Regular oral care
5. Changing ventilator circuits every day

Answer: B) Head of bed at 30–45 degrees, C) Daily sedation interruption and weaning assessment, D) Regular oral care. The VAP bundle includes head elevation, oral care, daily sedation holds with weaning assessment and subglottic suction. Routine circuit changes do not reduce infection and may increase it.