ممرض يعطي مريضاً مسكناً أفيونياً لأول مرة. أي تقييم يسبق الجرعة ويتابع بعدها؟

A nurse gives an opioid analgesic to a client for the first time. Which assessment precedes and follows the dose?

1. Daily body weight only
2. Hand-grip strength in both hands only
3. Sedation level and breathing rate
4. Urine colour only

Answer: C) Sedation level and breathing rate. Sedation usually precedes respiratory depression, so sedation is scored with a validated scale along with breathing and saturation before and after dosing, especially in older adults and those with sleep apnoea.